Comparison of Wintertime North American Climate Impacts Associated with Multiple ENSO Indices

Distinguishing Stratospheric Sudden Warmings from ENSO as Key Drivers of Wintertime Climate Variability over the North Atlantic and Eurasia

Stratospheric conditions are increasingly being recognized as an important driver of North Atlantic and Eurasian climate variability.Mindful that the observational record is relatively short, and that internal climate variability can be large, the authors here analyze a new 10-member ensemble of integrations of a stratosphereresolving, atmospheric general circulation model, forced with the obse...

The nonlinear patterns of North American winter temperature and precipitation associated with ENSO

Nonlinear projections of the tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) onto North American winter (November–March) surface air temperature (SAT) and precipitation anomalies have been performed using neural networks. During El Niño, the linear SAT response has positive anomalies centered over Alaska and western Canada opposing weaker negative anomalies centered over southeastern ...

Separating the stratospheric and tropospheric pathways of El Niño–Southern Oscillation teleconnections

The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a major driver of Northern Hemisphere wintertime variability and, generally, the key ingredient used in seasonal forecasts of wintertime surface climate. Modeling studies have recently suggested that ENSO teleconnections might involve both a tropospheric pathway and a stratospheric one. Here, using reanalysis data, we carefully distinguish between the ...

Distinct Patterns of Tropical Pacific SST Anomaly and Their Impacts on North American Climate

A neural-network-based cluster technique, the so-called self-organizing map (SOM), was performed to extract distinct sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly patterns during boreal winter. The SOM technique has advantages in nonlinear feature extraction compared to the commonly used empirical orthogonal function analysis and is widely used in meteorology. The eight distinguishable SOM patterns so ...

Climate Change Impacts on South American Rangelands